Overview
- Peptide NINFKKDIKALVLTC corresponding to amino acid residues 326-340 of rat NPY4R (Accession Q63447). Intracellular, C-terminus.
- Whole rat brain membrane, cortex and hippocampus lysates (1:200).
Western blot analysis of rat brain membrane (lanes 1 and 4), cortex (lanes 2 and 5), and hippocampus (lanes 3 and 6) lysates:1,2,3. Anti-NPY4R Antibody (#ANR-024), (1:200).
4,5,6. Anti-NPY4R Antibody, preincubated with NPY4R Blocking Peptide (#BLP-NR024).
- Rat retinal sections (1:200) (Martins, J. et al. (2015) ASN. Neuro. 7, 4.).
- Rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) primary culture (1:100-1:200).
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide neurotransmitter in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems.1 It belongs to the NPY family, along with peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). NPY is involved in the regulation of a broad range of homeostatic functions such as eating behavior, hypertension, and reproduction.2
NPY exerts its effects via five receptor subtypes known as the neuropeptide Y receptors (NPYR): Y1 (NPY1R), Y2 (NPY2R), Y4 (NPY4R), Y5 (NPY5R), and Y6 (NPY6R).2 Four of these (Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5) are expressed in humans.2
The NPY receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily whose members share a common structure of seven putative transmembrane domains, an extracellular amino terminus, and a cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus.
Activation of these receptors by NPY produces effects on [Ca2+]i, adenylate cyclase, and a number of ion channels.3 Based on their high frequency and density in steroid hormone-producing tumors, the NPYRs might be of potential use in tumor management.2
NPY4R preferentially binds PP, while NPY1R, NPY2R, and NPY5R bind both NPY and PP.
NPY1R, NPY2R, and NPY5R share a low degree of identity (27–31% overall). NPY4R is more similar to NPY1R, displaying an overall identity of 43–53%.4
Human NPY4R (also named pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1) mRNA is highly expressed in the small and large intestines and the prostate. Tissue distribution studies in human and mouse suggest potential roles for NPY4R in the gastrointestinal tract, heart, and prostate, as well as in neural and endocrine signaling. Only low levels of NPY4R expression in various areas of brain were displayed.5
