Overview
- Fohlman, J. et al. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 68, 457.
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Alomone Labs Taipoxin changes the outer membrane distribution of Syntaxin-1 and Synaptotagmin-1 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons.Rat DRG neuron cell cultures were treated with or without 20 nM Taipoxin (#T-460) for one hour. The cells were labeled with Anti-Syntaxin 1 Antibody (#ANR-002) and Anti-Synaptotagmin-1 (SYT1) Antibody (#ANR-003) followed by goat anti- rabbit-AlexaFluor-555 secondary antibody.
Alomone Labs Taipoxin changes the actin filaments distribution in the growing neurite tip bulge of differentiated PC12 cells.Cells were differentiated with 50 ng/ml Native mouse NGF 2.5S protein (99%) (#N-240) for 3 days and stimulated with control vehicle (A) or 10 nM (B) and 20 nM (C) Taipoxin (#T-460) for 1h. The figure presents actin filaments stained with Rhodamine conjugated phalloidin.
Taipoxin is a lethal neurotoxin protein isolated from the venom of the Australian taipan Oxyuranus s. scutellatus (LD50= 2 µg/kg in mouse). Taipoxin is a non-covalent ternary glycoprotein which is completely dissociated at low pH or high ionic strength. One of the subunits has Phospholipase A2 activity1,2.
Intoxicated animals die of asphyxia caused by a complete inhibition of neurotransmitter release and neuromuscular junction blockage of the respiratory muscles. In the central nervous system taipoxin blocks synaptic vesicle recycling by inhibiting the neuronal uptake pathway through the interaction with neuronal Pentraxin system components during synapse formation and remodeling1,3-5.
In neuronal cultures, Taipoxin facilitates Ca2+-dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis and causes a complete depletion of stored neurotransmitter, resulting in synaptic transmission blockage. Taipoxin, at nanomolar range, causes swelling of nerve terminus and redistribution of synaptic vesicle proteins7.
